Timeline

  1. Ukraine declares independence

    Parliament declares independence and provides for a referendum.

  2. Ukraine's voters endorse independence in a referendum

    Majorities endorse independence in every region, including Crimea.

  3. The Soviet Union is dissolved

  4. Budapest Memorandum: Ukraine gives up its nuclear arsenal for security assurances

    Ukraine agrees to give up the nuclear weapons on its soil; Russia, the UK and the US reaffirm its borders.

  5. Czechia, Hungary and Poland join NATO

    The three states join NATO in the first enlargement after the Cold War.

  6. The Orange Revolution

    Protests over a disputed presidential election lead to a repeat of the second round.

  7. NATO declares that Ukraine and Georgia will become members

    The declaration promises future membership without setting an accession date.

  8. Euromaidan protests end with President Yanukovych's removal

    Protests and violence are followed by Yanukovych’s departure and an interim government.

  9. Russia annexes Crimea

    Russia signs annexation documents; the UN subsequently reaffirms Ukraine’s territorial integrity.

  10. War begins in the Donbas

    Fighting begins in eastern Ukraine; later UN reports document abuses by multiple parties.

  11. The first Minsk agreement is signed

    An initial protocol seeks a ceasefire and political measures; fighting continues.

  12. The second Minsk agreement is signed

    A further package connects a ceasefire and weapons measures with a political process.

  13. Russia launches its full-scale invasion of Ukraine

    Russia begins its full-scale invasion; the UN General Assembly subsequently demands withdrawal.

  14. The Black Sea Grain Initiative is signed

    Separate arrangements establish a framework for Ukrainian grain exports through the Black Sea.

  15. Russia launches a large-scale attack on Ukraine's energy system

  16. Trump announces a Russian diesel supply deal and temporary sanctions relief

  17. Trump says Ukraine should replace President Zelenskyy

  18. Trump announces an immediate energy ceasefire

  19. Ukraine says Russia is violating the energy ceasefire

  20. Ukraine's military Starshield satellite service is slowed without warning

  21. Ukraine resumes drone strikes on Russian oil refineries after a brief energy truce

  22. Trump waives new Russia sanctions passed by Congress

  23. Putin meets Witkoff in St Petersburg, agrees to three-way talks and frees US citizen Stephen Hubbard

  24. White House announces a humanitarian ceasefire in occupied Oleshky, mediated by Melania Trump

  25. Ukraine says its Starlink and Starshield links are stable again after ten days of limits

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